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Exposition 


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<s,  Missouri 


1904 


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UNIVERSITY  OF 
MISSOURI 

Columbia    and    Rolla 


UNIVERSITY  EXHIBIT 


at  the 

Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition 

St.  Louis,  1904. 


THE  UNIVERSITY  EXHIBIT 

WAS 

PLANNED   AND    PREPARED 

UNDER    THE    DIRECTION 

OF  THE 

COMMITTEE    ON   THE    UNIVERSITY    EXHIBIT 

AT  THE 

LOUISIANA   PURCHASE    EXPOSITION 

JOHN     PICKARD,  CHAIRMAN 

H.  J.   WATERS 

ISIDOR    LOEB 

H.  B.  SHAW 


THE    EXHIBIT  WAS    INSTALLED  AND   SUPERVISED 

BY 

(iOHN    PICKARD,  superintendent 

T.   K.   SMITH,  A?§i9TANT 


The  University  of  Missouri 

at  the 

Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition 


MISSOURI  COMMISSION. 

This  Exhibit  is  made  under  the  direction  of  the 
Missouri  Commission  for  the  Louisiana  Purchase 
Exposition,  composed  of  M.  T.  Davis,  of  Spring- 
field; L.  F.  Parker,  St.  Louis;  P.  J.  Moss,  St.  Jo- 
seph; B.  H.  Bonfoey,  Unionville;  D.  P.  Stroup, 
Norborne;  N.  H.  Gentry,  Sedalia;  J.  O.  Allison, 
New  London;  W.  H.  Marshall,  Morehouse,  and  J. 
H.  Hawthorne,  Kansas  City. 

It  is  under  the  direct  supervision  of  Judge  J.  H. 
Hawthorne,  Chairman  of  the  Committee  of  the 
Commission,  having  charge  of  the  Educational  Ex- 
hibits of  the  State. 


THE   UNIVERSITY  FACULTY  AT  THE   FAIR. 

The  University  has  contributed  not  only  exhibits 
but  also  men  for  the  great  Exposition.  The  splen- 
did Missouri  Exhibits  in  the  Palaces  of  Mines  and 
Metallurgy  and  of  Agriculture  were  collected,  or- 
ganized and  arranged  under  the  direction  of  Dr. 
George  E.  Ladd,  Director  of  the  School  of  Mines, 
and  Prof.  H.  J.  Waters,  Dean  of  the  College  of  Ag- 
riculture. Mr.  L.  A.  Goodman,  Director  of  the 
3 


Missouri  Horticulture    Exhibit,    is    a    lecturer    on 
Horticulture  at  the  University. 

In  that  comprehensive  volume,  ''The  State  of 
Missouri,"  issued  by  the  Missouri  Commission 
among  "the  Missourians  best  qualified  to  discuss 
the  various  subjects  therein  treated"  are  to  be 
found  many  names  which  appear  on  the  roster  of 
the  University  faculty.  H.  J.  Waters,  Dean  of  the 
College  of  Agriculture,  writes  on  agriculture; 
F.  B.  Mumford,  Professor  of  Animal  Husbandry, 
upon  live  stock;  George  E.  Ladd,  Director  of  the 
School  of  Mines,  upon  mining;  Isidor  Loeb,  Pro- 
fessor of  Political  Science  and  Public  Law,  upon 
how  the  commonwealth  is  governed;  C.  F.  Marbut, 
Professor  of  Geology,  upon  geology  and  physiogra- 
phy; Jonas  Viles,  Instructor  in  History,  upon 
history;  J.  S.  Ankeney,  Jr.,  Instructor  in  Freehand 
Drawing,  upon  art;  George  Lefevre,  Professor  of 
Zoology,  upon  the  fauna;  B.  M.  Duggar,  Professor 
of  Botany,  upon  the  plant  life  of  the  State. 


IN    THE    PALACE    OF    EDUCATION. 

The  main  exhibit  of  the  University  of  Missouri 
is  situated  in  block  nine  in  the  Palace  of  Educa- 
tion, but  attention  is  also  called  to  important  Uni- 
versity exhibits  in  the  Missouri  sections  in  the  Pal- 
aces of  Mines  and  Metallurgy,  Agriculture,  Horti- 
culture and  Forestry,  Fish  and  Game.  Still  other 
important  matter  is  to  be  found  in  the  United 
States  government  displays  in  the  national  govern- 
ment building,  and  in  the  exhibits  from  Agricult- 
ural Colleges  and  Experiment  Stations  in  the  Pal- 
ace of  Education. 

4 


THE  JEFFERSON   MONUMENT. 

The  central  point  of  the  University  space  in  the 
Palace  of  Education  is  most  appropriately  filled  by 
the  original  shaft  erected  over  the  great  patriot's 
grave  in  1836.  Made  in  accordance  with  Jeffer- 
son's own  specifications,  with  the  marble  slab  con- 
taining the  world-famous  epitaph,  these  two  **most 
precious  pieces  of  stone  on  the  American  Conti- 
nent" are  reckoned  among  the  most  notable  pos- 
sessions of  the  University. 

Since  the  Louisiana  Purchase  will  ever  rank  as 
one  of  the  greatest  achievements  of  the  author  of 
the  Declaration  of  Independence,  since  Jefferson 
was  also  father  of  the  State  University  in  America 
it  is  fitting  that  his  monument  should  be  in  pos- 
session of  the  State  University  of  the  most  impor- 
tant State  carved  from  the  Louisiana  Purchase. 
It  is  needless  to  say  that  with  visitors  at  the  Expo- 
sition the  Jefferson  Monument  vies  in  interest  with 
the  Liberty  Bell. 

The  University  Exhibit  may  be  divided  into  two 
portions: 

1.  The  general  exhibit,  which  shows  what  the 
University  is. 

2.  The  departmental  exhibits  which  show  in 
part  what  the  University  is  doing. 


I.     GENERAL  EXHIBIT. 

Model  of  the  Campus  of  the  University. 

Made    by    George    Carroll    Curtis,    Geographical 
Sculptor,  Boston. 

5 


The  topographical  model  of  the  grounds  and 
buildings  of  the  Campus  is  made  on  the  scale  of 
1:100  which  approximates  the  common  architect- 
ural 1-8  scale.  This  permits  the  main  Academic 
building  to  be  some  three  feet  long  while  the  dome 
stands  about  1  1-2  feet  from  the  ground.  The 
human  figure  appears  nearly  an  inch  in  elevation 
on  this  scale.  (The  figure  by  steps  of  Academic 
Hall.)  The  scale  permits  great  accuracy  in  archi- 
tectural modeling,  even  to  the  pattern  of  cornices. 
Roads,  walks,  and  paths,  are  accurately  modeled 
according  to  the  most  complete  data  obtainable. 
The  trees  are  exactly  located,  the  general  varieties 
as  elm,  evergreen  and  maple  being  distinguished. 
The  condition  of  the  grounds,  the  well-cropped 
grass  plots,  woods  and  rougher  portions  are  at- 
tempted. 

It  has  been  the  endeavor  both  to  make  the  model 
correct  as  to  the  dimensions,  to  have  it  convey  the 
appearance  of  the  campus  in  early  fall  and  also 
to  give  the  most  interesting  portions  of  the  place 
their  due  importance. 

The  methods  employed  in  representing  grass 
and  running  water  are  somewhat  novel. 

It  is  placed  in  such  an  elevated  position  that  the 
usual  view  of  a  few  feet  from  the  ground  is  first 
presented.  By  ascending  the  steps  views  which 
range  from  100  to  300  feet  or  more  above  the 
ground  may  be  obtained.  Good  views  may  also  be 
had  from  different  positions  and  elevations  around 
the  entire  model.  Those  beside  that  from  the 
north  end  (the  front)  of  the  Campus  most  recom- 
mended are  (1)  from  a  point  overlooking  the 
Campus  from  behind  the  Geological  Building 
looking    northwest    and    (2)    from    the    northwest 


corner  looking  noutheast  toward  the  Columns 
from  as  high  up  as  is  practicable. 

By  looking  at  the  work  through  the  hollow  of  the 
hand  or  through  a  paper  tube,  thereby  shutting  out 
extraneous  objects,  better  scale  and  more  effective 
views  may  be  had.  More  natural  effects  may  be 
obtained  by  viewing  from  some  distance,  25  feet 
or  more,  also  by  low  views  beneath  the  trees. 

A  topographical  model  should  convey  the  char- 
acteristic appearance  of  a  place  as  well  as  the  ac- 
curate rendering  of  the  component  parts. 

Other  Models. — In  a  separate  case  are  shown 
models  of  some  of  the  University  buildings  that 
are  not  located  on  the  Campus.  1.  Read  Hall.  2 
Horticultural  Building.  3.  Dairy  Building.  4.  Live 
Stock  Building. 


BIRD'S-EYE  VIEWS. 

Made  by  F.   Humphrey  Woolrych,   St.   Louis. 

In  order  to  show  the  changes  which  have  taken 
place  in  the  buildings  and  grounds  a  series  of 
water-color  views  have  been  placed  on  the  walls 
of  the  exhibit  space,  showing  six  important  epochs 
in  the  University's  history.  The  first  picture 
shows  the  University  at  the  completion  of  the  first 
building  in  1843.  The  second  view  brings  us  to 
1873,  and  we  find  as  new  buildings  on  the  Campus, 
the  Observatory,  the  Agricultural  Building  and  the 
first  student  boarding  houses.  The  next  changes 
of  importance  come  in  1885  with  the  addition  of 
two  large  wings  to  the  old  University  building. 
The  darkest  hour  of  the  University  is  shown  in  the 
next  picture,  where  are  seen  the  smoking  ruins  of 


the  great  fire  of  1892,  in  which  the  great  main 
building  was  destroyed.  How  splendidly  the  Uni- 
versity has  risen  from  the  ashes  of  that  fire  is 
shown  by  the  pictures  of  the  years  1895  and  1904. 
It  required  forty  years  for  the  University  to  reach 
in  1885  the  culminating  point  before  the  fire.  In 
the  twelve  years  since  the  fire  a  new  and  far 
greater  institution  has  grown  up. 


GROWTH    OF  THE    UNIVERSITY. 

With  these  pictures  showing  changes  in  build- 
ings and  grounds  should  be  compared  a  series  of 
charts  showing  a  growth  equally  remarkable  in 
the  number  of  students  and  faculty  and  in  the 
value  of  equipment,  endowment  and  income.  For 
example,  in  1842  there  were  five  teachers  and  fifty- 
nine  students;  in  1892,  forty-nine  teachers  and  five 
hundred  and  fifty  students;  in  1904,  one  hundred 
and  twenty  teachers  and  sixteen  hundred  and 
forty-six  students. 


PHOTOGRAPHS. 

Hundreds  of  photographs  are  arranged  in  al- 
bums showing  views  in  and  about  the  University, 
and  a  series  of  splendid  pictures  adorn  the  walls  of 
the  space  and  do  their  part  in  showing  what  the 
University  actually  is. 


II.      DEPARTMENTAL    EXHIBITS. 

It  is  of  importance  to  know  what  the  University 
is.    It  is  of  greater  importance  to  know  what  the 


University  is  doing.  For  this  knowledge  we  turn  to 
the  Departmental  Exhibits.  Though  the  Univer- 
sity occupies  more  space  than  is  given  to  any 
other  University  at  the  Exposition,  space  is  lack- 
ing to  show  all  the  departments  of  the  University 
or  to  show  adequately  even  the  departments  that 
are  represented. 


AGRICULTURE. 

University  Exhibit,  Palace  of  Education. 

Prof.  H.  J.  Waters;   Prof.  F.  B.  Mumford. 

Cattle  Feeding  Experiments. — The  exhibit  is  di- 
vided into  four  sections: 

Section  I. — Illustrating  the  results  of  feeding 
corn  and  linseed  meal. 

Section  II. — Corn  and  cottonseed  meal.       • 

Section  III. — Corn  and  gluten  feed. 

Section  IV. — Corn  exclusively. 

The  above  rations  were  all  fed  cattle  while 
grazing  on  blue  grass  pastures. 

Photographs. — An  album  containing  one  hun- 
dred photographs  illustrates  the  instruction  and 
research  w^ork  of  the  Departments  of  Agronomy, 
Animal  Husbandry  and  Dairying. 

in    the    Government    Exhibit    of   Agricultural    Col- 
leges and   Experiment  Stations. 

Department  of  Animal  Husbandry. — Models  of  a 
warm  barn,  a  shed  opening  to  the  south,  and  an 
open  lot  without  protection  of  any  kind,  together 
with  models  of  cattle.  These  are  intended  to  il- 
lustrate the  results  of  a  three  years'  experiment 

9 


on  the  relation  of  shelter  to  the  economy  of  beef 
production. 

The  work  of  the  Laboratory  for  Animal  Breed- 
ing is  illustrated  in  the  Animal  Husbandry  section 
by  four  mounted  lambs,  which  are  intended  to 
show  the  relation  of  birthweight  to  subsequent 
growth,  and  by  four  mounted  rabbits,  four 
mounted  Guinea  pigs,  and  two  mounted  white  rats. 
These  latter  specimens  are  shown  primarily  to  in- 
dicate the  kind  of  animals  used  for  research  work 
and  the  methods  and  principles  of  animal  breed- 
ing. Here  are  also  shown  twenty-five  enlarged 
photographs  illustrating  the  Animal  Husbandry 
work. 

In  the  Missouri  Exhibit,  Palace  of  Agriculture. 

The  College  Farm  has  furnished  fifty  varieties  of 
corn  and  one  hundred  varieties  of  wheat,  and  more 
than  one  thousand  specimens  of  economic  grasses 
and  forage  plants.  Diagrams  graphically  illus- 
trating the  component  parts  of  the  common  feed- 
ing stuffs,  illustrations  of  the  results  of  feeding 
corn  with  various  supplementary  foods  to  cattle, 
and  ten  enlarged  photographs  of  important  labora- 
tories, experiments,  and  instructional  work  have 
been  prepared  and  placed  in  this  exhibit. 

More  than  fifty  samples  of  wool  were  also  pre- 
pared by  the  students  of  the  College  of  Agriculture 
for  exhibition  here. 


ANATOMY  AND   HISTOLOGY. 

University  Exhibit,  Palace  of  Education. 

Prof.  C.  M.  Jackson. 

This  exhibit  consists  of  three  distinct  parts.     1. 

The  work  in  Topographic  Anatomy.     2.     Student 


drawings  in  Osteology  and  Histology.    3.    A  collec- 
tion of  human  embryos. 

Topographic  Anatomy. — The  study  of  Anatomy 
by  means  of  cross-sections  was  first  introduced  by 
Dr.  C.  M.  Jackson,  of  the  University  of  Missouri, 
in  1901.  It  has  since  been  adopted  by  several 
medical  schools.  Medical  students  spend  three  af- 
ternoons a  week,  in  the  second  semester  of  their 
Sophomore  year,  on  this  work.  Only  those  who 
have  made  a,  complete  dissection  of  the  human 
body  are  admitted.  Each  student  studies  and 
makes  careful  drawings  of  serial  sections  of  the 
head,  trunk,  and  extremities.  Two  sets  of  sections 
are  shown: 

A.  Sections  of  Head.  This  subject  was  hard- 
ened and  preserved  by  intravascular  injection  of 
formalin.  The  head  was  then  decalcified  by  dilute 
hydrochloric  acid.  Coronal  sections  were  then  cut 
with  a  sharp  knife.  The  sections  are  shown  in 
series  from  front  to  back;  anterior  view.  On  the 
right  of  each  case  is  a  drawing  made  by  a  medical 
student. 

B.  Sections  of  Trunk.  The  sections  were  pre- 
pared in  the  same  way  as  the  head  sections,  but 
were  not  decalcified.  They  extend,  as  will  be 
noticed,  from  the  upper  part  of  the  lung,  well 
down  into  the  liver.  Each  is  about  2  1-2  cm. 
thick.  They  show  especially  well  the  relation  of 
the  thoracic  viscera  to  each  other  and  to  the  thor- 
acic wall.  It  is  believed  that  this  method  of  study 
gives  the  student  a  mental  picture  of  the  body 
which  can  not  be  acquired  in  any  other  way. 

Student  Drawings. — A.    Histology.    These  draw- 
ings were  selected  from  the  laboratory  books  of 
the  first  year  medical  class.     Each  student  is  re- 
11 


quired  to  make  a  careful  drawing,  in  India  ink,  of 
each  section  studied. 

B.  Osteology.  A  complete  skeleton  is  issued  to 
every  two  students.  During  the  course,  each  stu- 
dent draws  one  or  more  views  of  each  bone  and 
hands  them  in  to  the  instructor  for  criticism.  The 
B  N  A  system  of  nomenclature  is  used. 

Human  Embryos. — This  exhibit  embraces  a  col- 
lection of  human  embryos  from  about  the  twenty- 
third  day  to  the  fifth  month  of  intrauterine  devel- 
opment. One  series  has  been  treated  with  a 
caustic  potash  mixture  to  show  the  skeleton. 
The  accompanying  card  gives  the  length  and  age 
of  the  embryo.  The  condition  of  the  skeleton  at 
the  various  stages  of  development  is  very  clearly 
shown.  The  second  series  is  simply  preserved 
in  alcohol.  They  are  numbered  in  the  order  of 
their  age.  Some  have  the  foetal  membranes  still 
attached.  The  younger  specimens  are  of  especial 
interest. 


ASTRONOMY. 

University  Exhibit,  Palace  of  Education. 

Prof.  F.  H.  Scares. 

This  exhibit  is  in  two  parts: 

I.     Charts  in  wing  frames  showing  computations 
by  students. 

1.  Observations    made    and   reduced    by  Junior 
class,  School  of  Civil  Engineering. 

2.  Determinations  by  students  of  latitude  with 
the  sextant. 

3.  Determinations  by  students  of  time  with  the 
sextant  and  transit. 

12 


II.  Photographs  of  the  Laws'  Observatory  and 
some  of  the  instruments  are  shown  in  an  album  of 
University  views. 


BOTANY. 

Prof.  B.  M.  Duggar. 

This  department  is  represented  at  the  Louisiana 
Purchase  Exposition  by  exhibits  installed  in  four 
sections  as  follows: 

University  Exhibit,  Palace  of  Education. 

Certain  mushrooms,  collected  at  Columbia,  Mis- 
souri, during  one  season.  This  consists  of  from 
seventy-five  to  one  hundred  specimens  (of  fleshy 
fungi,  for  the  most  part)  from  a  collection  of 
about  four  hundred  species. 

They  represent  four  orders  of  Discomycetes, 
four  orders  of  Pyrenomycetes,  six  orders  of  Hy- 
menomycetes,  two  orders  of  Gasteromycetes. 

Some  of  these  fungi  are  preserved  in  liquids. 
Dried  laboratory  cultures  (pure  cultures  of  the 
mycelium)  for  physiological  work,  have  been  made 
from  about  one-third  of  the  species  exhibited,  and 
a  few  of  these  cultures  are  included. 

Photographs. — In  addition,  more  than  one  hun- 
dred photographs  are  shown  in  an  album,  illustra- 
tive of  these  fungi  and  of  their  habitats,  as  well  as 
of  other  fungi  which  could  not  be  placed  upon  ex- 
hibition. 

In   United  States  Government   Building. 

In  co-operation  with  the  Bureau  of  Plant  In- 
dustry, United  States  Department  of  Agriculture. 


The  Mushroom  Industry. — The  Mushroom  Case, 
illustrative  of  the  work  in  mushroom  growing  un- 
dertaken for  the  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry,  has 
been  designed  with  the  view  of  giving  a  general 
exposition  of  the  mushroom  industry,  and  of  the 
scientific  work  which  is  being  done  nationally  to 
stimulate  the  ifidustry. 

Three  shelves  are  devoted  to  various  phases  of 
the  scientific  work.  It  has  been  shown  by  Prof. 
Duggar  that  the  tissue  culture  method  of  obtaining 
pure  cultures  is  applicable  to  nearly  all  fleshy 
fungi  whether  they  grow  upon  the  earth  or  upon 
decayed  wood.  Cultures  made  by  this  method  have 
been  secured  of  many  species  of  edible  mush- 
rooms, some  of  which  cultures  are  shown  in  large 
test  tubes.  These  are  supplemented  by  photo- 
graphs and  utensils  indicating  the  methods  in- 
volved. Special  mention  should  be  made  of  cul- 
tures of  the  morel,  Morchella  esculenta,  a  fungus 
which  rivals  the  truffle  in  flavor.  In  addition  there 
are  photographs  and  preserved  specimens  of  edi- 
ble mushrooms. 

Three  shelves  are  devoted  to  commercial 
spawns,  edible  products  (which,  at  present,  are 
largely  foreign),  and  views  of  the  mushroom  in- 
dustry. Among  the  spawns  are  to  be  found  the 
English,  the  French,  and  the  American,  made 
from  pure  cultures.  The  mushroom  products  in- 
clude nearly  all  species  and  grades  of  preserved 
mushooms  which  are  to  be  found  on  the  market, 
the  most  highly  prized  being  the  morel  and  the 
truffle. 

The  lower  portion  of  the  case  shows  types  of 
mushroom  beds  employed  in  the  growth  of  Agan- 
cjes  campestris,  The  habit  of  the  mushroom  is 
14 


shown  by  means  of  plaster  casts,  each  of  these 
being  a  reproduction  of  a  mushroom  or  of  a  cluster 
of  mushrooms  grown  in  the  experimental  beds  at 
the  University. 

United  States  Government  Building. 

The  "Plant  Laboratory"  of  the  Agricultural  Ex- 
periment Stations. 

Some  Plant  Diseases. — This  is  a  collection  of 
about  thirty  plant  diseases,  most  of  which  are  so 
preserved  as  to  show  the  characteristics  of  the 
disease,  and  the  actual  color  of  the  green  host 
plants.  A  few  timber  disease-organisms  are  also 
included,  as  well  as  some  cultures  of  fungi,  and 
apparatus  showing  culture  media. 

Palace  of  Education. 

The  Botanic  exhibit  of  the  State  Agricultural 
Experiment  Stations  includes  a  collection  of  about 
one  hundred  photographs  of  fungi,  some  of  which 
are  disease-producing,  timber-destroying,  edible, 
innocuous  and  poisonous. 


CHEMISTRY. 

University   Exhibit,   Palace  of   Education. 

Prof.  W.   G.   Brown. 

Analysis  (Hygienic  and  Industrial)  of  public 
water  of  incorporated  Missouri  towns.  While  no 
absolute  standard  for  the  Chemical  purity  of 
drinking  water  can  be  given,  the  following  conclu- 
gjons  may  be  regarded  as  approximately  correct; 


(1)  The  total  residue  should  not  exceed  500  parts 

per  million. 

(2)  The  inorganic    residue    may    constitute    the 

total  residue. 

(3)  The  smaller  the    amount  of   organic    residue 

the  better  the  water. 

(4)  The  amount  of  sodium  chloride    should    not 

exceed  ten  parts  per  million.  A  larger 
amount  may  be  expected,  however,  in  cer- 
tain salt-producing  districts. 

(5)  The  organic  matter  in  one  million  parts  of 

the  water  should  not  reduce  more  than  8 
parts  of  potassium  permanganate. 

(6)  The  amount  of  free  ammonia  should  not  ex- 

ceed 0.05  part  per  million. 

(7)  The  amount  of  albuminoid  ammonia    should 

not  exceed  0.15  part  per  million. 

(8)  The  amount  of  nitric  acid  should  not  exceed 

0.5  part  per  million. 

(9)  The  best  waters  contain  no  nitrous  acid,  and 

any  water  which  contains  this  substance 
in  quantity  sufficient  to  be  estimated 
should  not  be  regarded  as  a  safe  drinking 
water. 

Note. — The  word  ''trace"  whenever  used  indi- 
cates the  existence  of  the  substance  in  quantity 
sufficient  to  be  recognized  by  the  test,  but  too 
small  to  be  determined  quantitatively. 

Samples  of  the  various  specimens  of  water  ex- 
amined are  on  exhibition. 


16 


CIVIL   ENGINEERING. 

University  Exhibit,  Palace  of  Education. 

Prof.  F.  P.  Spalding. 

This  exhibit  comprises:  (1)  A  series  of  speci? 
mens  illustrating  tests  made  by  students  in  the 
Laboratory  for  testing  materials.  These  comprise 
fineness  tests  for  cement,  and  tests  of  strength 
and  elasticity  of  wood,  iron,  and  steel. 

(2)  A  few  drawings,  showing  work  in  Struct- 
ural Design,  with  note  books,  illustrating  methods 
employed  in  designing  and  computation. 

(3)  Maps  showing  work  of  Freshman  and  Soph- 
omore classes  in  surveying. 

(4)  Photographs  in  an  album,  showing  instru- 
ments and  classes  in  surveying,  and  equipment 
used  in  testing  materials. 


CLASSICAL   ARCHAEOLOGY. 

University  Exhibit,  Palace  of  Education. 

Prof.  John  Pickard. 

This  exhibit  is  limited  to  framed  photographs 

of  views  in  the  Museum  of  Classical  Archaeology. 


ECONOMICS. 

University  Exhibit,  Palace  of  Education. 

Prof.  J.  E.  Pope. 

This  exhibit  consists  of  eleven  maps  and  eight 

charts,  accompanied   by  brief  explanatory  notes. 

They  are  designed  to  portray  the  industrial  and 

financial  history    of    the    State  of  Missouri  from 

1764  up  to  the  present  time. 

17 


The  eleven  maps  illustrate  the  spread  of  popu- 
lation, paying  special  attention  to  the  influence  of 
waterways  and  artificial  roads  upon  the  extension 
of  settlement.  The  period  after  the  introduction 
of  railways  receives  special  attention,  a  map  hav- 
ing been  prepared  for  each  decade  showing  the 
construction  and  direction  of  railways  during  that 
period  of  time.  The  notes  accompanying  the  maps 
present  the  influences  leading  to  the  economic 
movements,  the  magnitude  of  industry  as  it  ex- 
panded, and  the  various  tendencies  which  have 
appeared  from  time  to  time. 

The  eight  charts  take  up  in  more  detail  some  of 
the  industrial  changes  that  have  taken  place,  and, 
they  also  present  the  most  important  developments 
in  the  financial  history  of  the  State.  Among  the 
subjects  treated  on  the  charts  are  the  following: 
The  History  of  the  State  Debt. 
The  History  of  the  Sources  of  Revenue  in  the 

State. 
The  Growth  of  Taxable  Wealth  in  the  State 

by  Counties. 
The  Growth  of  Manufactures  in  the  State. 
The  Growth  of  Agriculture  in  the  State. 
Development  of  Insurance  in  Missouri. 
Development  of   Missouri   Building  and   Loan 

Associations. 
Comparison   of  Taxation  in   Missouri   and   in 
Neighboring  States. 


ELECTRICAL   ENGINEERING. 
University  Exhibit,  Palace  of  Education. 
Prof.  H.  B.  Shaw. 
The  exhibit  consists  of: 

16 


I.     Apparatus   made   and   used   at  the   University: 

1.  Oil-damped  magnatometer  of  simple  form 
and  cheap,  reducing  very  much  the  time  required 
to  take  observations. 

2.  A  set  of  magnatometric  apparatus  making 
use  of  the  magnatometer  in  the  measurement  of 
the  magnetic  qualities  of  iron  wire. 

3.  Potential  curve  apparatus  for  determining 
the  distribution  of  the  potential  around  the  com- 
mutator of  a  dynamo. 

4.  An  oscillograph  constructed  by  a  student  in 
1900,  of  historical  interest  only.  The  quartz  fiber 
used  as  a  suspension  with  this  Oscillograph  was 
made  by  a  method  now  in  use  and  this  is  believed 
to  be  the  first  suspension  made  by  the  method. 

il.     Results  of  Students'  Work  as  Shown  by: 

1.  Bound  Theses. 

2.  A  book  of  curves  of  results  in  the  dynamo 
laboratory. 

3.  A  book  of  designs  of  an  electric  light  plant 
for  the  University. 


ENTOMOLOGY. 
University  Exhibit,  Palace  of  Education. 

Prof.  J.  M.  Stedman. 

The  exhibit  comprises: 

1.  A  box  containing  the  more  common  insecti- 
cides used  for  the  destruction  of  the  various  in- 
jurious insects,  together  with  formulae  for  mak- 
ing the  same. 

19 


2.  A  box  illustrating  Seasonal  Dimorphism. 

3.  A  box  containing  species  representing  Sexual 
Dimorphism. 

4.  Twelve  boxes  representing  species  of  injuri- 
ous insects  that  are  conspicuous  either  on  account 
of  their  size  or  of  their  beautiful  coloration.  Each 
species  is  represented  in  its  complete  stages  of 
blown  larva,  pupa,  cocoon  and  male  and  female 
adults. 

5.  Fourteen  photographs  in  an  album  illustrate 
the  Department  of  Entomology. 

Exhibit  of   Agricultural    Colleges   and    Experiment 

Stations — Government    Exhibit,    Palace   of 

Education. 

1.  A  new  breeding  cage,  invented  by  Professor 
Stedman,  which  allov/s  of  the  rearing  of  various 
leaf  and  fruit  insects  in  their  natural  conditions 
and  yet  confines  the  insects  so  that  they  can  not 
escape.  The  cage  is  divided  into  halves,  which 
are  placed  about  the  trunk  or  stem  of  the  plant 
and  sunk  into  the  ground  a  few  inches.  This  is 
then  filled  with  sand  to  the  proper  depth  and  ar- 
ranged to  prevent  the  insects  from  escaping  be- 
tween the  cage  and  the  trunk.  A  cheese  cloth  is 
placed  over  the  entire  plant  and  around  the  cage 
so  that  the  insects  are  prevented  from  escaping  to 
the  outside.  At  the  same  time  they  can  enter  the 
ground,  and,  as  the  bottom  of  the  cage  is  covered 
with  wire  gauze,  they  can  not  escape.  Since  the 
moisture  from  below  can  come  up,  the  insects  in 
the  ground  will  be  in  the  same  condition  as  though 
the  cage  were  not  there. 

2.  A  new  root  breeding  cage,  invented  by  Pro- 
fessor Stedman,  which  enables  one  to  observe  at 

'^0 


any  time  the  various  insects  that  may  be  upon 
the  roots  of  plants  without  disturbing  the  insects 
or  the  plants.  At  the  same  time  they  are  both  un- 
der perfectly  natural  conditions.  Screens  keep 
the  roots  and  the  insects  in  the  dark  except  when 
rem-oved  for  observation. 

3.     A  new  form  of  spreading  board. 


GEOLOGY. 

Prof.  C.  F.  Marbut. 

Relief  Maps  of  Missouri. — Five  relief  maps,  col- 
ored to  show  various  features  of  geographic  and 
economic  interest.  The  horizontal  scale  of  the 
maps  is  1:125000,  or  about  two  miles  to  one  inch. 
The  vertical  scale  is  1:12000,  or  about  1,000  feet 
to  an  inch.  The  size  of  the  maps  is  about  13  1-2 
feet  by  16  feet.  The  area  covered  is  the  whole  of 
the  State  of  Missouri  and  a  strip  of  Illinois,  Kan- 
sas and  Nebraska,  sufficiently  wide  to  include  the 
whole  width  of  the  Missouri  and  Mississippi  bot- 
tom lands.  The  data  on  which  the  relief  is  based 
is  gathered  from  all  available  published  sources, 
including  the  maps  and  reports  of  the  United 
States  Geological  Survey,  the  Missouri  Geological 
Survey,  the  Mississippi  River  Commission,  the 
Missouri  River  Commission,  and  the  "United  States 
Land  Office  Survey,  and  from  reconnoisance  map- 
ping by  C.  F.  Marbut  and  Otto  Veatch.  The  area 
based  on  such  data  as  the  last  named  is  large,  in- 
cluding all  of  the  northern  part  of  the  State  north 
of  the  latitude  of  Louisiana  and  most  of  the  area 
lying  south  of  the  main  line  of  the  St.  Louis  and 
San    Francisco    railway.     The    intimate    general 


knowledge  of  this  area  that  has  been  obtained  by 
ten  years  of  geological  work  in  the  region  has 
enabled  the  author  to  produce  a  fairly  good  gen- 
eral picture  of  the  topography  of  the  area.  The 
attempt  has  been  made  and  it  is  believed,  with 
success,  to  show  the  various  characteristics  of 
the  topography  with  faithfulness  even  though  it 
hss  been  impossible  to  show  details  with  accu- 
racy. The  various  stages  of  dissection  from  even 
plains  to  the  thoroughly  and  deeply  dissected  re- 
gions are  clearly  shown  and  accurately  located. 
The  width  of  the  river  and  creek  valleys  is  also 
shown.  The  elevations  are  more  nearly  correct 
than  is  the  detail  of  the  topography.  This  has 
been  made  possible  through  the  railway  levels,  the 
many  hundreds  of  barometer  readings  in  the  re- 
gion and  the  fact  that  most  of  the  rivers  may  be 
used  as  lines  of  levels  on  account  of  the  fact  that 
they  are  all  graded. 

The  details  even  of  the  topography  along  all  the 
railway  lines  of  the  State  are  about  as  accurate 
as  the  scale  of  the  map  will  permit.  Surveys  were 
made  along  all  the  lines  of  the  State  for  this  pur- 
pose. 

All  the  data  from  all  the  sources  named  was  col- 
lected and  converted  into  a  contour  map  of  the 
State  on  the  same  scale  as  the  relief  map,  with  a 
contour  interval  of  100  feet.  A  relief  map  in  sec- 
tions made  of  cardboard  and  modelling  clay  was 
made  from  this  contour  map.  Gelatine  negatives 
were  cast  from  these  sections  and  plaster  posi- 
tives cast  from  these  negatives.  These  positives 
were  trimmed,  smoothed  and  gone  over  carefully 
and  compared  with  the  contour  map.  From  these 
completed  positive  sections  a  final  negative  was 
2:i 


cast,  from  which  the  five  relief  maps  were  cast 
in  two  sections  each.  The  final  positives  were 
further  trimmed  and  smoothed  before  they  were 
colored  and  lettered. 

The  various  maps  were  finished  as  follows: 

The  first  map  was  finished  merely  as  a  general 
political  map  of  Missouri.  It  shows  the  cities, 
towns,  and  postoffices,  the  railway  lines,  county 
lines,  and  names  of  rivers  and  most  creeks.  It  is 
installed  in  the  model  library  of  the  Missouri 
Building. 

The  second  map  was  colored  to  show  the  agri- 
cultural soils  of  the  State.  It  shows  ten  different 
classes  of  soils,  the  classification  being  based 
partly  on  origin  and  derivation  of  the  soil  and 
partly  on  productivity.  The  same  classification 
of  the  soils  of  the  State  is  shown  on  a  small  map 
in  "The  State  of  Missouri,"  Walter  Williams,  ed- 
itor (E.  W.  Stephens,  publisher,  Columbia,  Mo.), 
accompanied  with  a  description  of  each  kind  of 
soil  and  a  discussion  of  its  capabilities  so  far  as 
is  known  at  present.  It  is  installed  in  the  Agri- 
cultural Building. 

The  third  map  was  colored  to  show  the  fruit 
soils  of  the  State.  Two  areas  or  belts  are  shown 
in  which  fruit  growing  on  a  commercial  scale  is 
possible,  and  another  area  in  which  fruit  growing 
for  home  use  or  for  speciar  local  markets  only,  is 
advised. 

The  two  fruit  areas  are  the  River  Hill  fruit  belt, 
consisting  of  a  belt  extending  along  both  sides  of 
the  Missouri  river  extending  backward  from  the 
river  some  three  to  twenty  miles  and  the  Ozark 
fruit  area,  including  practically  the  whole  of  the 
Ozark   region.    This   map   is    colored   on   the   au- 

2:J 


thority  of  Prof.  J.  C.  Whitten,  Professor  of  Hor- 
ticulture in  the  University  of  Missouri,  and  Hon. 
L.  A.  Goodman,  Secretary  of  the  Missouri  State 
Horticultural  Society.  It  is  installed  in  the  Hor- 
ticultural Building. 

The  fourth  map  was  colored  to  show  the  geo- 
logical formations  of  the  State  and  the  mining 
districts. 

The  rocks  of  the  whole  State  are  differentiated 
into  twenty-four  different  formations.  The  great- 
est number  of  formations  placed  in  any  geological 
map  of  the  State  heretofore  made  has  been  less 
than  half  this  number,  excepting  the  small  geo- 
logical map  in  '*The  State  of  Missouri,"  on  which 
there  are  twelve  formations. 

This  is  the  first  time  that  an  attempt  has  been 
made  to  differentiate  the  various  geological  forma- 
tions that  occur  in  the  Ozark  regions  of  Missouri. 
As  a  result  of  this  differentiation  the  main  struct- 
ural lines  of  the  State  are  well  brought  out.  It  is 
clearly  shown  that  the  lines  are  axes  of  folding  in 
the  Ozark  region  run  northwest  and  southeast  in- 
stead of  northeast  and  southwest.  It  shows  the 
existence  of  four  lines  of  uplift  or  four  anticlines, 
in  each  one  of  which  the  axis  has  a  northwest 
southeast  trend  and  one  pronounced  syncline 
whose  axis  has  the  same  trend.  The  axis  of  the 
main  anticline  runs  through  Franklin,  Washing- 
ton, Iron,  Madison,  and  Wayne  counties;  another 
through  Morgan,  Camden,  and  Laclede;  a  third 
through  the  northwestern  part  of  Boone,  and  the 
fourth  through  Lincoln,  Pike,  Ralls,  and  Marion 
into  Knox.  The  pronounced  syncline  referred  to 
runs  through  St.  Louis,  St.  Charles  and  Audrain 
and  thence  northwestward. 

24 


The  map  shows  also  that  the  course  of  the 
Mississippi  river  is  well  adjusted  to  the  structure, 
that  stream  flowing  either  parallel  to  or  perpen- 
dicularly across  the  folds.  This  map  is  installed 
in  the  Mining  Building. 

The  fifth  map  also  was  colored  to  show  the  dis- 
tribution of  the  geological  formations.  It  is  very- 
much  the  same  as  the  fourth  map.  It  does  not 
show  the  various  mining  camps  and  is  slightly 
more  detailed  in  its  geology.  All  the  geological 
and  structural  features  that  are  brought  out  on  the 
fourth  map  are  also  brought  out  on  this.  It  is  in- 
stalled in  the  Missouri  University  Exhibit  in  the 
Education  Building. 

The  labor  of  making  the  maps  has  been  per- 
formed wholly  by  students  of  the  University  of 
Missouri.  The  only  part  of  the  work  that  has 
been  done  by  persons  other  than  students  is  the 
painting,  which  was  done  by  Mr.  A.  H.  Glass,  of 
Columbia.  Apart  from  the  knowledge,  energy 
and  skill  of  Professor  C.  F.  Marbut  it  is  to  the 
keen  interest  that  was  taken  by  the  students  in 
this  work  that  most  of  the  success  is  due. 


HISTORY. 

University  Exhibit,  Palace  of  Education. 

Dr.  Jonas  Viles. 

Presidential  Elections  in  IVIissouri. — The  exhibit 
of  this  department  consists  of  twenty-two  maps, 
which  illustrate  the  strength  and  the  distribution 
of  the  political  parties  in  Missouri  at  the  presiden- 
tial elections.     In  every  election  the  counties  car- 

25 


ried  by  either  candidate  are  indicated  by  the  color 
assigned  to  that  party;  but  each  color  in  turn  is 
divided  into  three  tints  to  show,  in  a  general  way, 
the  size  of  the  majority.  For  example,  as  yellow 
is  used  throughout  to  indicate  the  democratic  ma- 
jority, a  democratic  county  where  the  party  polled 
less  than  60  per  cent  of  the  total  vote,  i.  e.,  where 
the  ratio  between  the  votes  of  the  two  parties  was 
less  than  three  to  two,  is  colored  the  lightest  tint 
of  yellow  to  indicate  that  the  vote  of  the  county 
was  a  close  one.  In  the  same  manner  if  the  ratio 
was  less  than  three  to  one,  the  second  tint  indi- 
cates a  strongly  democratic  county;  and,  when  the 
ratio  is  three  to  one  or  over,  the  darkest  tint  in- 
dicates an  overwhelming  democratic  majority. 
Similarly  the  tints  of  the  green  or  blue  show  the 
counties  carried  by  the  whigs  or  the  republicans, 
and  the  proportion  of  the  total  vote  cast  by  the 
successful  party. 

There  are  no  maps  for  the  elections  of  1820, 
1824,  and  1832.  In  1820  and  in  1824  the  presiden- 
tial electors  were  chosen  by  the  legislature.  A 
careful  search  at  Jefferson  City  and  at  St.  Louis 
has  failed  to  disclose  the  returns  for  1832.  In 
1860  the  issues  were  so  important  and  the  candi- 
dates so  many  that  it  seemed  best  to  show  the 
strength  of  each  in  every  county  by  colored  strips 
proportionate  in  width  to  the  vote  of  each  candi- 
date. Two  supplementary  maps  show  the  distri- 
bution of  the  Breckenridge  vote  and  the  Lincoln 
vote,  as  indicating  the  strength  of  the  extreme  pro- 
slavery  party  and  the  unconditional  Union  party. 
The  vote  on  the  so-called  ''Drake  Constitution"  of 
1865  is  included  in  this  series  as  showing  the  be- 
ginnings of  the  modern  democratic  and  republican 


parties  in  the  State.  In  1880  the  vote  of  a  third 
party,  the  "greenback,"  was  of  sufficient  impor- 
tance to  demand  a  map  illustrating  its  dictribu- 
tion. 

As  the  presidential  electors  have  always  been 
chosen  in  Missouri  on  a  general  ticket,  it  seemed 
best  (in  order  to  avoid  confusion)  to  omit  the  di- 
vision into  electoral  districts.  To  obtain  an  abso- 
lutely correct  idea  of  the  relative  strength  of  the 
parties  in  the  total  vote  of  the  State,  these  maps, 
especially  those  of  the  earlier  elections,  should  be 
compared  with  others  showing  the  density  of  popu- 
lation. It  is  hoped,  however,  that  this  exhibit  will 
give  an  accurate  and  adequate  idea  of  the  political 
conditions  in  every  county  and  section  of  the  State 
at  the  presidential  elections. 


HORTICULTURE. 

University  Exhibit,  Palace  of  Education. 
Prof.  J.  C.  Whitten. 

Winter  Temperature  of  Peach  Twigs. — Models 
showing  the  relation  of  color  to  the  winter  tem- 
perature of  peach  twigs,  to  the  hardiness  of  fruit 
buds,  and  to  their  time  of  blossoming  in  spring. 

Lime  wash  on  peach  twigs  reflects  the  heat  from 
the  sun,  thus  holding  the  fruit  buds  at  atmospheric 
temperature  and  enabling  them  to  remain  dormant 
on  sunny  days  in  winter  and  consequently  resist- 
ant to  subsequent  cold. 

The  natural  purple  coloring  matter  of  peach 
twigs  which  are  not  whitened  absorb  sun  heat 
which  is  often  sufficient  to  raise  the  temperature 

27 


of  the  twig  fifteen  degrees  above  the  temperature 
of  the  surrounding  atmosphere.  This  causes  the 
fruit  buds  to  swell  and  grow  sufficiently  on  sunny 
winter  days  that  they  are  subject  to  injury  from 
subsequent  cold. 

Varietxs  of  peaches  possessing  pale  green  twigs 
absorb  less  best  than  do  those  varieties  possess- 
ing purple  twigs  and  the  former  are  less  liable  to 
w^inter  injury  than  are  the  latter. 

Whitened  peach  trees  blossom  later  in  spring 
than  do  these  whose  purple  coloring  matter  is  left 
exposed  to  the  sun,  and  they  are,  therefore,  less 
liable  to  injury  from  late  spring  frosts. 

Peach  trees  which  are  protected  from  winter 
sunlight  by  means  of  covering  of  straw  (as  shown 
in  the  accompanying  model)  are  also  rendered 
less  liable  to  winter  injury. 

Winter  Forcing  of  Asparagus. — Model  showing 
method  of  forcing  asparagus  in  the  open  field  in 
winter.  An  artificial  method  of  forcing  asparagus 
in  the  open  field  in  winter  devised  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Missouri;  consists  of  heating  the  soil  about 
the  plants  by  means  of  steam  emitted  into  under- 
ground tunnels  between  the  rows  of  asparagus. 
The  asparagus  field  is  (1)  trenched  between  the 
rows  and  these  trenches  covered  to  form  tunnels 
in  the  soil  just  below  the  crowns  of  the  asparagus 
plants;  (2)  the  field  is  mulched  with  straw  to  re- 
tain the  heat  at  any  time  during  winter;  (3)  steam 
is  then  blown  into  these  tunnels  through  a  steam 
hose,  from  the  greenhouse  boiler.  An  average  of 
three  to  five  minutes  is  required  to  blow  in  a  suffi- 
cient quantity  of  steam  to  heat  the  rows  on  either 
side  of  the  tunnels.  This  heat  will  easily  be  re- 
tained   for    twenty-four    hours    before    a    second 


EteEming  is  required.  Daily  applications  of  steam 
for  ten  days  or  two  weeks  are  sufficient  to  produce 
the  first  crop  of  asparagus  plants.  If  the  heating 
is  kept  up  daily  the  plants  will  continue  to  produce 
for  about  eight  weeks  before  their  energy  is  ex- 
hausted. If  allowed  to  grow  without  cutting  dur- 
ing the  subsequent  summer,  the  plants  recover 
their  energy  sufficiently  to  admit  of  forcing  during 
each  alternate  winter.  This  has  proven  to  be  of 
importance  to  market  gardeners  who  heretofore 
have  forced  asparagus  in  winter  only  by  removing 
the  plants  to  a  warm  cellar  or  greenhouse  where 
they  were  forced  by  artificial  heat.  This  old 
method  destroys  the  plants  to  such  an  extent  that 
they  are  not  suitable  for  future  use.  Forcing  in 
the  open  field  does  not  destroy  the  plants  and 
saves  the  expense  of  storage  and  of  moving  the 
plants. 

Photographs. — In  an  album  many  photographs 
are  also  shown. 

Missouri    Exhibit,    Palace   of   Horticulture. 

Jars  of  Fruit. — Here  are  exhibited  several  hun- 
dred glass  jars  of  preserved  fruits  and  horticult- 
ural specimens.  Among  the  more  important  is  a 
collection  of  over  one  hundred  varieties  of  Ameri- 
can grapes.  These  grapes  are  representative  of 
the  leading  types  and  varieties  originated  from  the 
various  wild  specimens  of  American  grapes,  and 
were  grown  on  the  Experiment  Station  grounds  at 
Columbia.  They  give  opportunity  for  a  study  and 
comparison  of  the  leading  types  of  American  na- 
tive grapes  and  their  comparative  adaptability  to 
our  climatic  conditions. 

The  exhibit  also  embraces  the  leading  types  and 
varieties    of    plums    originated    from    native    wild 


species  of  this  countrj^,  together  with  types  of 
plums  introduced  from  other  parts  of  the  world. 
Varieties  of  peaches  representing  the  leading  vari- 
eties cultivated  in  this  State  are  also  included.  It 
also  shows  specimens  of  the  leading  varieties  of 
apples  and  pears  grown  in  Missouri.  In  selecting 
these  specimens,  care  has  been  taken  to  secure 
those  which  typically  represent  the  development 
of  each  variety  or  type  as  ordinarily  grown  in  the 
State. 

A  Pathological  Collection,  showing  the  principal 
diseases  of  cultivated  fruits  is  also  included. 

Photographs. — The  Department  has  also  pre- 
pared three  hundred  enlargements,  16  x  28  inches 
each,  illustrating  the  horticultural  work  of  the  De- 
partment as  well  as  many  large  orchards,  berry 
fields,  and  vineyards  which  typically  represent  the 
fruit-growing  interests  throughout  the  whole  State. 
Special  mention  may  be  made  of  the  fact  that 
methods  of  handling  and  managing  fruit  trees  are 
shown  by  means  of  photographs  of  specimen  trees 
from  the  time  of  the  planting  of  the  orchard  on  up 
to  bearing  age.  These  trees  are  shown  before  and 
after  pruning  each  year  in  order  to  illustrate  thor- 
oughly the  method  of  handling  under  ordinary  con- 
dition as  well  as  after  severe  winters  or  when- 
ever any  unusual  circumstance  requires  special 
methods  of  pruning. 


INTERNAL  MEDICINE. 

University  Exhibit,  Palace  of  Education. 

Prof.  W.  J.  Calvert. 

To  facilitate  the  work  of  the  instructor  in  im- 
parting, and  to  assist  the  student  in  obtaining  a 

30 


mental  picture  of  the  several  organs  of  the  body,  a 
series  of  charts  has  been  outlined.  A  portion  of 
these  are  here  exhibited. 

The  purpose  of  the  charts  is  as  follows: 

1.  To  give  prominence  to  the  anatomical  data 
most  used  by  the  clinician. 

2.  To  represent  the  various  organs  in  normal 
size. 

3.  To  represent  sounds,  normal  and  patholog- 
ical, by  lines  over  their  respective  areas. 

4.  To  keep  the  bony  structures  in  mind  as  land- 
marks. 

Four  original  charts,  representing  the  outlines 
of  the  body,  its  organs,  blood-vessels,  are  neces- 
sary, one  each  for  the  anterior,  posterior,  right  and 
left  sides. 

The  subject-matter  of  some  of  the  charts  is  as 
follows: 

Chart  No.  1  represents  normal  area  of  lungs, 
heart,  liver  and  kidneys. 

Chart  No.  5  represents  mitral  insufficiency  with 
enlarged  heart.  The  triangles  show  the  directions 
of  transmitted  systolic  murmurs. 

Chart  No.  6  represents  aortic  stenosis  with 
transmitted  murmurs. 

Chart  No.  7  represents  aortic  insufficiency  with 
transmitted  murmurs. 

Chart  No.  8  represents  the  area  of  relative  and 
absolute  dullness  of  the  liver,  absolute  dullness  of 
the  heart  and  a  limited  pleural  effusion  on  left 
side.     Black  lines  represent  dullness. 

Charts  Nos.  9  and  10  represent  front  and  left 
side  view  of  abdominal  aneurysm. 

Chart  No.  11  represents  normal  outlines  of 
lungs,  heart,  aorta,  spleen,  liver  and  kidneys. 

31 


Chart  No.  12  represents  an  extensive  pericardial 
effusion  with  areas  of  dullness. 


LAW. 

University  Exhibit,  Palace  of  Education. 
Judge  John  D.  Lawson,  Dean. 

Legal  Publications. — The  collection  includes  all 
obtainable  works  on  law — treatises,  encyclopedia 
or  magazine  articles — written  by  members  of  the 
Faculty  of  Law  and  graduates  and  students  in  the 
Law  Department. 

Bliss,  Philemon,  LL.  D.    (Dean  Law  Department, 
University  of  Missouri,  1872-1889.) 
Code  Pleading. 
Sovereignty. 
Fisher,  Samuel  B.,  LL.  B.  (University  of  Missouri, 
1890.) 

Articles   (Encyclopedia  of  Pleading  and  Prac- 
tice), 3  vols. 
Articles  (Cyclopedia  of  Law  and  Procedure). 
Hale,  William  B.,  LL.  B.   (University  of  Missouri, 
1890.) 
Bailments. 
Damages. 
Torts. 
Miscellaneous  Articles  (Am.  and  Eng.  Enc.  of 

Law). 
Miscellaneous  Articles   (Cyc.  of  Pleading  and 
rractice),  2  vols. 
Jennings,  Frank,  B.,  LL.  B.    (University    of    Mis- 
souri, 1900.) 

32 


Articles  (Cyclopedia  of  Lav/  and  Procedure). 
Kclley,  Henry  S.,  LL.  D.   (Picftssor  of  Law,  Uni- 
versity of  Missouri,  1872-1882.) 

Missouri  Criminal  Law  and  Procedure. 

Missouri  Justices  and  Constables. 

Missouri  Probate  Guide. 
Key,  William  C,  LL.  B.    (Univercity  of  Missouri, 
1897.) 

Overruled   Cases. 
Lawson,  John  D.,  LL.  D.   (Professor  of  Lav/,  Uni- 
versity of  Missouri,  1891-1903,  Dean  of  Law  De- 
partment, University  of  Missouri.  1903 — .) 

Bailments,  Principles  of. 

Contracts,  Principles  of. 

Contracts  (Cyclopedia  of  Law  and  Procedure). 

Contracts  of  Common  Carriers. 

Concordance  of  Words  and  Phrases. 

Criminal  Defenses,  5  vols. 

Digest  Nevada  Reports. 

Expert  and  Opinion  Evidence. 

Insanity  as  a  Defense  to  Crime. 

Leading  Cases  Simplified,  3  vols. 

Making  of  a  Contract,  The. 

Miscellaneous  Essays. 

Personal  Property  Cases. 

Presumptive  Evidence. 

Rights,  Remedies,  and  Practice,  8  vols. 

Usages  and  Customs. 
Loeb,  Isidor,  LL.  B.  (University  of  Missouri,  1903.) 

Married  Women. 
Mack,  William,    LL.    B.    (University    of    Missouri, 
1887.) 

Digest  of  Railway  Law,  8  vols. 

Digest  American  State  Reports. 


33 


Martin,  Alex.,  LL.  iJ.  (Dean  Law  Department,  Uni- 
versity of  Missouri,  1889-1902.) 

Civil  Procedure. 

Equity  Cases. 
Martin,  William  A.  (University  of  Missouri,  1890.) 

Articles  (Cyclopedia  of  Law  and  Procedure). 

Articles  (Encyclopedia    of   Pleading  and  Prac- 
tice), 3  vols. 
McGruder,    Mark    A.,  LL.  B.   (University    of    Mis- 
souri, 1901.) 

Laws  of  Commerce. 
Thompson,  Seymour  D.,  LL.  D.  (Professor  of  Law, 
University  of  Missouri,  1880-1889.) 

Carriers  of  Passengers. 

Charging  the  Jury. 

Electricity. 

Juries. 

Negligence,  2  vols. 

Officers  of  Corporations. 

Stockholders  of  Corporations. 

Trials,  2  vols. 
Tiedeman,   Christopher  G.,   LL.    D.    (Professor   of 
Law,  University  of  Missouri,  1881-1891.) 

Commercial  Paper. 

Police  Power. 

Real  Property. 

Sales. 

Unwritten  Constitution,  The. 
Wilson,  W.  F.,  LL.  B.     (University    of    Missouri, 
1900.) 

Statutes  of  Oklahoma,  2  vols. 

Oklahoma  Digest. 
Prize  Theses.     1893-1902.     Published  in  Central 
Law  Journal. 
1893,     Loeb,  Isidor— 38  Cent.  L.  J.  4.     LL.  B.,  1893. 

34 


**The  Doctrine  of  Election  in  Equity." 

1894.  Tidd,  A.  L.— 40— 86.     LL.  B.,  1894.     "What 
Interference  in  the  Performance  of  Contracts  by 

Persons  not  Parties  thereto  is  Actionable." 

1895.  Adams,  D.  E.--48— 51.     LL.  B.,  1895.     "Pos- 
session,    Actual    or    Constructive,    in    Law    and 

Equity." 

1896.  Eppes,     Thos.    J.— 45— 14S.     LL.     B.,     1896. 
''Rights  to  Land  Made  by  or  Resulting  from  Ac- 
cretion, Reliction  and  Evulsion." 

1897.  Gwinn,     Arthur— 57— 464.     LL.      B.,      1897. 
"Ratification  in  the  Law  of  Agency." 

1898.  Thompson,    G.    A.— 47— 148.     LL.    B.,    1898. 
"Right  of  Privacy  as  Protected  and  Recognized 

in  Law  and  Equity." 

1899.  English,     G.     H.— 51— 360.     LL.     B.,     1899. 
"The    Law     of    Missouri  Relating    to    Surface 

Water." 

1900.  Creason,    Goodwin— 54— 42.      LL.    B.,    1900. 
"The  Law  of  Subrogation  and  the  Modes  of  En- 
forcing it." 

1901.  Brown,  N.  S.— 54— 382.     LL.  B.,  1901.    Vale- 
dictorian, 1901.    "Spendthrift  Trusts." 

1902.  Chaney,  W.  L.~57— 283.     LL.  B.,  1902.    "Li- 
abilities of   Parties   to   Joint   and   Several   Con- 
tracts." 


UNIVERSITY   LIBRARY. 

University  Exhibit,  Palace  of  Education. 

Librarian  J.  T.  Gerould. 

The  exhibit  of  the  University  Library  consists 
of  an  album  containing  a  few  views  of  the  interior, 
blanks  covering  the  administrative    work    and    a 

35 


few  tables  showing  the  growth  and  progress  of  the 
Library. 


MATHEMATICS. 

University  Exiiibit_,  Palace  of  Education. 

Prof.  E.  R.  Hedrick. 

Some  of  the  models  exhibited  were  made  at  the 
University  of  Missouri.  Others  are  a  loan  exhibit 
from  Martin  Schilling,  of  Halle,  Germany.  All  are 
labelled  but  a  brief  description  is  here  given  of 
those  made  by  students. 

1.  Unilateral  Closed  Surface. — This  surface  is 
an  analysis  situs  model  of  a  closed  surface  with 
only  one  side.  It  necessarily  pierces  itself.  The 
red  line  is  the  path  from  a  point  to  the  point  di- 
rectly opposite.  It  does  not  divide  the  surface. 
The  black  line  is  a  closed  cut  which  divides  the 
surface.  The  two  cuts  together  divide  the  sur- 
face into  a  rectangular  sheet  (topographically). 
(Mr.  Haines.) 

2.  Klein's  Icosahedron. — A  model  of  the  icosa- 
hedron  group  of  sixty  operations,  with  its  sub- 
groups. All  the  regular  solids  are  represented  in 
colors,  and  the  corresponding  groups  may  be 
traced.  The  symbols  for  the  operations  of  the 
group  which  carry  the  fundamental  region  one  into 
the  other  fundamental  regions  are  given  by  the 
cards  attached  to  the  model  over  the  correspond- 
ing regions.     (Miss  Walker.) 

3.  Surface  of  Constant  Negative  Curvature  of 
the  Hyperbolic  Type. — This  particular  model  is 
the  hyperbolic  type  of  surface  of  rotation  of  con- 

36 


stant  negative  curvature.  The  blue  lines  are  the 
geodetics,  the  green  are  the  lines  of  constant  geo- 
detic distance  (geodetic  circles),  the  red  are  the 
lines  of  curvature^  and  the  black  are  the  asymp- 
totic lines.     (Mr.  Ziegel.) 

4.  Mold  for  Paper  of  Constant  Negative  Curva- 
ture.— This  mould  was  taken  from  Model  No.  14, 
and  corresponds  to  a=5  in  the  usual  formula. 
(Curvature — a^,  in  inches.)  Paper  moulded  may 
be  united  into  sheets  for  demonstration  of  new 
surfaces  of  constant  negative  curvature,  or  for 
demonstrating  the  applicability  of  these  surfaces. 
(See  No.  3.)      (Mr.  Zeigel.) 

5.  Catenoid. — This  is  the  only  Minimum  Sur- 
face revolution.  The  red  and  the  blue  lines  repre- 
sent the  lines  of  curvature,  and  the  yellow  lines 
the  asymptotic  lines.  The  asymptotic  lines  stand 
at  right  angles,  since  the  radii  of  curvature  are 
negative  reciprocals  by  definition.  (Miss  Ra- 
bourn.) 

6.  Anchor  Ring  With  Group  Figure  of  Defi- 
ciency One. — The  division  of  the  surface  into  these 
parts  determines  (non-euclidean)  motions  of  the 
ring  into  itself,  which,  together,  necessarily  form 
a  group.  The  operations  here  represented  are 
marked  on  corresponding  fundamental  regions. 
(Miss  Walker.) 

7.  Catenoid. — Plaster  model  to  illustrate  Bon- 
net Property.     (Miss  Rabourn.) 

8.  Double  Ring  Surface. — Group  of  a  deficiency 
two.     (Miss  Walker.) 

9.  IVIeusnier's  Theorem. — "The  radius  of  surva- 
ture  of  an  oblique  section  of  any  surface  is  equal 

37 


to  the  radius  of  curvature  of  the  tangent  normal 
section,  multiplied  by  the  cosine  of  the  angle  of 
inclination."  The  oblique  section,  the  tangent  nor- 
mal section,  and  the  surface  itself,  are  shown  in 
colors.  The  radius  of  curvature  of  the  oblique  sec- 
tion is  shown  as  the  projection  of  that  of  the  nor- 
mal section.      (Mr.  Bowman.) 

10.  Helicoid.  Minimum  Screw  Surface. — The 
Helicoid  is  the  only  ruled  minimum  surface  whose 
generating  lines  are  parallel  to  a  fixed  plane.  In 
this  model,  the  asymptotic  lines  are  shown  in  red 
and  blue,  and  are  orthogonal.  The  lines  of  curva- 
ture are  yellow.     (Miss  Rabourn.) 

11.  Pseudosphere. — This  model  corresponds  to 
a=:5  in  the  usual  formula.      (Mr.  Ziegel.) 

12.  Mold  for  Constant  Negative  Curvature  Pa- 
per, a=10.     (Mr.  Ziegel.) 

13.  Pseudosphere. — This  is  a  model  for  class 
demonstration.  It  corresponds  to  a  choice  of 
a=10  in  the  usual  formula.  The  blue  lines  are  geo- 
detics,  and  the  blue  figure  represents  the  failure 
of  the  Euclidean  axiom  of  parallels  on  this  surface 
(see  No.  3).  The  red  lines  are  the  lines  of  curva- 
ture— the  meridians  and  the  circles  of  revolution — 
it  is  fairly  apparent  to  the  eye  that  the  surface  is 
of  constant  negative  curvature  from  an  inspection 
of  these  lines.  The  black  lines  are  the  asymptotic 
lines,  whose  torsion  is  shown  to  be  a  constant. 
Since  the  surface  is  of  revolution,  any  line  drawn 
may  be  revolved  about  the  axis  of  revolution  with- 
out altering  its  properties.     (Mr.  Ziegel.) 

14.  Schwarz  Cylinder.  Fallacy  of  the  Serret 
Definition  of  Area  on  a  Surface. — The  inscribed 
triangles  shown  are  supposed  to  increase  in  num- 


ber  indefinitely,  while  their  dimensions  all  ap- 
proach zero.  Serret's  definition  of  the  area  of  a 
surface  would  make  the  area  of  the  cylinder  equal 
to  the  limit  of  the  sum  of  the  areas  of  the  triangles. 
Schwarz  showed  that  the  limit  of  this  sum  de- 
pended upon  the  relative  rates  at  which  the  two 
dimensions  of  the  triangles  apprt;ach  zero.  If  (as 
represented)  the  width  approaches  zero  more 
slowly  than  the  height  (as  the  inverse  square)  the 
limit  will  evidently  exceed  the  area  of  the  cylinder. 
(Mr.  Shellenberger.) 

15.  Surface  of  Constant  Negative  Curvature  of 
the  Cone  Type. — See  Nos.  3  and  16.  This  is  the 
third  type  of  rotation  surface  of  constant  negative 
curvature.  The  vertex  of  this  model  may  be 
thought  to  have  ascended  to  infinity  in  the  type  of 
No.  16.  The  blue  lines  are  geodetics;  the  red  are 
lines  of  curvature;  and  the  black  are  asymptotic 
lines.     (Mr.  Ziegel.) 

16.  Real  Representation  of  Imaginary  Points  of 
a  Locus  In  Two  Dimensions. — The  model  repre- 
sents all  (real  and  imaginary)  points  of  a  real  cir- 
cle (blue),  and  those  of  two  real  straight  lines 
(red).  The  intersections  are  all  shown,  those  of 
one  of  the  lines  with  the  circle  being  imaginary. 
Real  points  are  marked  in  white.     (Mr.  Ingold.) 

17.  Mobius  Band. — This  is  an  unilateral  sur- 
face, which  was  first  studied  by  Mobius.  A  closed 
curve  does  not  necessarily  cut  the  surface  in  two, 
and  one  can  pass  from  any  position  to  any  other 
(counting  both  directions  of  the  normal)  without 
crossing  the  edge.     (Mr.  Monroe.) 

18.  Unilateral  Surface  With  Three  Closed  Cuts. 
The  model  illustrates  the  theory  of  connectivity  of 
surfaces.     (Mr.  Monroe.) 

39 


19.     Templets  for  the   Models  Nos.  3,  14,  16,  18. 

These  templets  were  used  in  marking  the  corres- 
ponding models,  and  illustrate  the  method  of  con- 
struction.     (Mr.  Ziegel.) 


MECHANIC  ARTS. 

University   Exhibit,  Palace  of  Education. 

Mr.  W.  H.  Cook. 

In  a  glass  case  are  shown: 

1.  Specimens  of  class  work  in  wood,  iron  and 
steel,  and  pattern  making. 

2.  Specimens  of  work  in  mat  and  basket  weav- 
ing, and  in  clay  modeling  by  students  of  the  De- 
partment of  Education  preparing  to  teach  these 
subjects  in  the  public  schools. 

Photographs  illustrating  work  in  this  depart- 
ment are  to  be  found  in  the  album  of  University 
views. 


MECHANICAL   DRAWING. 

University  Exhibit^  Palace  of  Education. 

Mr.  W.  B.  Rollins. 

The  exhibit  from  this  department  is  intended  to 
give  a  general  view  of  the  work  as  taught  in  the 
Freshman  and  Sophomore  years  of  the  Engineer- 
ing courses. 

During  the  Freshman  year  the  student  has  some 
elementary  mechanical  drawing  together  with  De- 
scriptive   Geometry    drawing.      The      Sophomore 

'JO 


year  is  devoted  to  elementary  work  in  Stereotorny, 
machine  drawing  and  design,  and  water-color 
work,  including  topography. 

On  account  of  lack  of  exhibit  space,  only  a  few 
plates  of  each  set  are  shown.  All  plates  exhibited 
were  made  by  students  in  actual  class  work. 


MECHANICAL    ENGINEERING. 

University   Exhibit,  Palace  of  Education. 

Prof.  A.  M.  Greene. 

Apparatus. — The  apparatus  for  determining  the 
stroke  of  pumps  with  a  variable  length  of  stroke, 
is  to  be  attached  to  a  pump  to  count  the  excess 
movement  beyond  a  given  length  or  the  entire 
movement  of  the  plunger.  It  is  so  arranged  that 
each  revolution  recorded  on  the  counter  means 
one  foot  of  movement. 

The  Anemometer  Tester  is  to  be  used  for  deter- 
mining the  error  in  anemometers.  It  is  to  be 
mounted  on  a  wall  and  can  be  run  at  various  uni- 
form speeds.  By  an  electrical  attachment  the 
counting  apparatus  and  the  handle  of  the  Anemo- 
meter will  be  thrown  in  operation  at  the  same 
time,  thus  counting  the  revolutions  of  the  arm 
when  the  anemometer  is  in  full  motion. 

Test  of  Materials. — These  materials  are  shown 
on  three  shelves.  The  second  shelf  represents  the 
results  of  the  investigation  of  Professor  Marx 
and  Schweitzer  on  the  coals  of  Missouri,  the  rela- 
tive amounts  of  ash,  fixed  carbon,  volatile  matter, 
sulphur  and  moisture  being  represented  by  the 
heights  in  the  test  tubes  of  the  various  substances 

41 


used  to  represent  constituents.  The  coals  are 
arranged  in  order  of  their  heating  values  and  the 
label  on  each  tube  gives  the  county  from  which 
the  coal  was  taken  and  also  the  heating  value  of 
the  coal.  At  one  end  of  the  line  of  tubes  is  a 
tube  representing  one  of  the  eastern  bituminous 
coals  (Pocahontas)  for  reference.  A  bulletin  giv- 
ing the  results  of  this  investigation  may  be  had  in 
the  fall,  by  application  to  the  Engineering  De- 
partment of  the  University  of  Missouri. 

On  the  top  shelf  is  placed  a  series  of  samples  of 
lubricating  oils  which  have  been  tested  at  the 
University.  The  results  of  these  tests  are  given 
on  the  bottles. 

On  the  third  shelf  the  tests  of  belts,  transmis- 
sion ropes  and  steels  are  so  labelled  that  the  re- 
sults of  these  are  easily  seen.  It  is  to  be  noted 
that  the  tests  of  steel  show  the  effects  of  nickel 
and  also  the  difference  in  annealed  and  unan- 
nealed  steels.  The  effect  of  splicing  leather  belts 
is  shown  in  the  test  of  belts.  The  tests  on  ropes 
were  not  very  satisfactory,  owing  to  the  difficulty 
in  gripping  the  specimen. 

Drawing. — The  drawings  shown  in  the  wing 
frames  illustrate  work  in  the  courses  on  ''Plants 
and  Processes,"  "Machine  Design"  and  "Boiler  De- 
sign." In  the  course  the  drawings  show  several 
designs  for  a  power  house  for  the  University  and 
one  elevation  for  one  of  the  plans.  These  designs 
were  worked  out  by  the  students  to  fit  certain  con- 
ditions. The  "Machine  Design"  drawings  repre- 
sent details  of  the  parts  of  a  traveling  crane,  and 
the  "Boiler  Design"  plates  show  the  design  of  sev- 
eral types  of  boilers. 


iz 


Chart. — The  chart  showing  the  subjects  taught 
in  the  course  in  Mechanical  Engineering  gives  the 
actual  hours  given  to  each  subject.  The  drawings 
of  the  Mechanical  Laboratory  and  of  the  Power 
House  give  some  idea  of  the  arrangement  of  the 
plant  at  Columbia. 

Theses. — The  theses  of  the  department  for  the 
last  year  are  in  a  case  with  the  publications  of  the 
University,  and  may  be  seen  on  application  to  the 
attendant.  The  Reports  of  the  students  on  Labo- 
ratory Work,  a  set  of  notes  in  Steam  Engine  De- 
sign, and  the  sketch  work  in  Steam  Engineering 
are  also  bound  in  book  form. 

Photographs  are  shown  in  an  album  and  also  in 
the  end  of  the  case. 


SCHOOL  OF   MINES. 

University  Exhibit^  Palace  of  Education. 

Dr.  George  E.  Ladd,  Director. 

A  bird's-eye  view  in  water-colors  shows  the 
buildings  and  grounds  of  the  School  of  Mines  as 
they  appear  in  1904. 

Seven  framed  photographs  on  the  wall  help  to 
make  the  picture  more  complete.  These  are  again 
supplemented  by  an  album  of  photographs. 

Among  the  charts  is  one  showing  the  growth  of 
this  department  of  the  University. 

Missouri  Exhibit,  Palace  of  Mines  and  Metallurgy. 

Here  is  naturally  located  the  chief  exhibit  of 
this  department. 

Laboratory. — In  a  section  of  a  Chemical  Labo- 
ratory   for    quantitative,    qualitative,    electrolytic 

43 


and  assaying  work  all  these  processes  are  carried 
on  in  the  exhibit. 

Concentrator. — A  model  of  a  zinc  and  lead  con- 
centrating mill  which  begins  with  the  rough  ore 
and  goes  through  all  the  processes  is  shown  com- 
plete and  in  operation. 

A  Magnetic  Separator  shows  the  actual  pro- 
cesses of  separating  iron  pyrites  from  lead  and 
zinc  ores. 

A    Diamond    Screw   and    Rock    Section    Machine 

prepares  sections  for  petrographic  work. 

There  is  also  an  exhibit  of  Shop  Work  by  the 
Freshman  class  and  a  display  of  chemically  pure 
salts  made  by  students. 

Many  of  the  specimens  of  Missouri  minerals  and 
ores  in  the  exhibit  are  from  the  School  of  Mines. 

There  is  further  an  exhibit  of  road-making  ma- 
terials and  model  sections  of  roads  showing  their 
use. 

Photographs. — Besides  several  large  framed  pho- 
tographs of  the  buildings  and  grounds  of  the 
school  there  is  shown  in  an  album  a  large  number 
of  other  views. 

Among  pieces  of  apparatus  from  the  School 
special  mention  should  be  made  of  a  Zeiss  Micro- 
scopic Electrical  Projection  apparatus  and  Optical 
Bank  and  a  Stromberg-Carlson  Mine  Telephone. 

Missouri   Exhibit  in  the  Mining  Gulch. 

Here  is  in  operation  a  pneumatic  mine  pump,  in- 
vented at  the  School  of  Mines.  It  is  of  interest  to 
know  that  this  pump  was  adopted  by  the  City  of 
New  York  to  pump  out  the  Croton  aqueduct. 

44 


Exhibit   of  Agricultural    Colleges   and    Experiment 
Station,  Palace  of  Education. 

Here  are  thirty  transparencies  showing  scenes 
in  and  about  the  School  of  Mines. 


POLITICAL  SCIENCE  AND   PUBLIC   LAW. 

University   Exhibit,  Palace  of  Education. 

Prof.  Isidor  Loeb. 

County  Organization  in  Missouri. — This  depart 
ment  exhibits  a  series  of  fourteen  maps  illustrat- 
ing the  development  of  Missouri  by  indicating  the 
important  periods  in  the  growth  of  county  organ- 
ization in  the  State.  The  first  five  maps  deal 
with  the  period  before  the  admission  of  Missouri 
into  the  Union,  during  which  time  it  was  known 
successively  as  the  District  and  Territory  of  Lou- 
isiana and  the  Territory  of  Missouri,  and  included 
the  territory  embraced  within  the  present  State 
of  Arkansas. 

The  first  map  (1804)  shows  the  five  original 
districts  whose  western  boundaries  were  defined 
in  1812.  Washington  and  Arkansas  counties  were 
organized  in  1813  and  Lawrence  and  Howard  in 
1815  and  1816  respectively.  During  1818,  the  ef- 
fects of  the  settlements  along  the  valleys  of  the 
Mississippi  and  Missouri  were  evidenced  by  the 
creation  of  eight  new  counties  in  Missouri  proper. 
During  1820,  under  the  State  government  which 
was  inaugurated  before  the  State  was  formally  ad- 
mitted into  the  Union,  the  movement  continued 
and  by  January  1,  1821,  the  total  number  of  organ- 
ized counties  was  twenty-five. 
45 


Only  a  few  counties  were  organized  during  the 
next  decade,  but  with  1832,  the  most  active  period 
of  county  building  begins,  and  by  March  1,  1841, 
the  number  of  organized  counties  amounted  to 
seventy-seven,  which  number  was  further  in- 
creased by  March  31,  1845,  to  ninety-six,  with  one 
unorganized  district.  Each  succeeding  General 
Assembly,  with  one  exception,  organize,  one  or 
more  counties  until  by  1860  the  total  amounted  to 
113.  In  1861,  the  unorganized  district  which  had 
been  attached  to  Gentry  county  was  organized  as 
Worth  county.  Finally,  in  1876,  the  City  of  St. 
Louis  was  given  a  separate  organization,  thus 
completing  the  development  with  114  counties  and 
one  city  possessing  the  functions  of  a  county. 


PHYSICS. 

University  Exhibit^  Palace  of  Education. 
Prof.  O.  M.  Stewart. 

The  exhibit  of  this  Department  consists  in  pho- 
tographs and  drawings  mounted  in  wing  frames 
and  in  a  volume  of  laboratory  reports. 

Of  the  wing  frames  the  first  contains  floor  plans 
of  such  portions  of  the  Engineering  building  as  are 
devoted  to  Physics.  The  second  contains  photo- 
graphs illustrating  special  experiments  and  pieces 
of  apparatus.  The  third  frame  is  devoted  to  dif- 
fraction phenomena  in  light.  It  contains  a  number 
of  photographs  showing  the  diffraction  patterns 
due  to  various  objects  and  a  drawing  showing  the 
arrangement  of  apparatus  by  which  the  photo- 
graphs  \rere   made.     The   fourth   and  last  frame 

46 


shows  a  number  of  pieces  or  groups  of  apparatus 
for  use  in  the  laboratory,  and  photographs  and  a 
drawing  illustrating  experiments  in  the  interfer- 
ference  of  light.  The  latter  group  consists  in  a 
photograph  of  a  Michelson  interferometer,  con- 
structed by  the  University  mechanician  and 
mounted  on  a  Gaertner  comparator.  A  drawing 
showing  the  path  of  light  in  the  instrument,  and 
photographs  of  the  interference  fringes  formed 
under  various  conditions. 

In  the  bound  volume  of  reports  are  some  of  ex- 
periments performed  by  students  in  the  element- 
ary laboratory  and  some  of  experiments  per- 
formed by  the  more  advanced  class  in  electrical 
measurements. 


PHYSIOLOGY  AND   PHARMACOLOGY. 

University  Exhibit,  Palace  of  Education. 

Professor  C.  W.  Greene. 

The  exhibit  is  in  two  parts: 

A.  A  portion  of  the  apparatus  used  and  a  series 
of  records  of  experiments  on  the  effect  on  the  ani- 
mal organism  of  certain  anaesthetics  and  inor- 
ganic salts. 

B.  A  collection  of  pharmacological  preparations 
in  bottles. 


PHYSICAL  TRAINING. 

University  Exhibit,  Palace  of  Education. 

Professor  C.  W.  Hetherington. 

A  bound  volume  contains  a  record  complete,  so 
far  as  is  possible,  of  every  man  who  has  played  on 

47 


the  football  teams,  the  baseball  nines  and  track 
teams  of  the  University. 

An  album  is  shown  containing  views  of  the  Uni- 
versity quarters  for  Physical  Training,  gym- 
nasium, tennis  courts,  athletic  fields,  golf  links, 
and  of  students. 

A  framed  picture  shows  the  front  and  side  ele- 
vations of  the  proposed  gymnasium. 

Department  of  Physical  Culture,  Physical  Culture 
Building. 

Maps  and  plans  are  shown  of  the  University 
grounds,  showing  the  location  and  character  of 
the  Athletic  fields  and  golf  links.  Framed  pictures 
show  both  the  elevations  and  the  floor  plans  of  the 
new  gymnasium.  An  album  of  photographs  illus- 
trates the  work  in  Physical  training  in  the  Univer- 
sity. 


EXPERIMENTAL    PSYCHOLOGY. 

University   Exhibit,  Palace  of  Education. 

Prof.  Max  Meyer. 

Reed  Organ. — This  organ  is  intended  merely  for 
use  in  the  Psychological  Laboratory,  not  for  con- 
cert use.  Its  tuning  is  entirely  unique.  By  means 
of  different  stops  one  may  play  either  in  tem- 
pered or  in  just  intonation.  See  directions  printed 
on  the  organ.  The  arrangement  of  the  tones  in 
just  intonation  differ  considerably  from  the  ar- 
rangement found  in  other  organs  tuned  in  just 
intonation.  For  a  fuller  understanding  of  the 
theoretical  principles  involved  the  reader  is  re- 
ferred to  the  following  literature: 
48 


Contributions  to  a  Psychological  Theory  of 
Music.  The  University  of  Missouri  Studies  1  (1), 
1901. 

Some  Points  of  Difference  Concerning  the  The- 
ory of  Music.     Psychological  Review  10,  1903. 

Zur  Theorie  Japanischer  Musik.  Zeitschrift  fur 
Psychologie  33,  1903. 

Experimental  Studies  in  the  Psychology  of 
Music.  American  Journal  of  Psychology  14  (Com- 
memorative Number),  1903. 

Some  of  the  different  lines  of  work  for  which 
the  organ  is  used  may  be  mentioned  briefly: 

The  organ  is  an  excellent  apparatus  for  intro- 
ducing the  student  in  an  elementary  laboratory 
course  into  the  natural  laws  of  the  subjective  dif- 
ference tones.  One  class  of  experimental  work 
of  this  sort.,  familiar  to  the  students  who  study 
Psychology  in  the  Psychological  Laboratory  of 
the  University  of  Missouri,  is  the  following:  The 
student  is  told  what  the  vibration  rate  of  one  of 
the  tones  is,  e.  g.,  the  tone  f.  He  then  has  to  de- 
termine the  vibration  rates  of  all  the  other  tones 
by  means  of  no  other  aid  but  his  own  ear.  He 
sounds  one  of  the  fs  together  with  any  other  tone 
until  he  finds  that  the  lowest  difference  tone  aud- 
ible is  one  of  the  given  fs.  He  then  finds  by  a 
simple  calculation  the  vibration  frequency  of  a 
new  tone.  In  this  way  he  proceeds  until  he  has 
determined  all  the  tones.  By  means  of  this  ap- 
plication of  the  theory  of  difference  tones  to  a 
practical  problem  the  student  learns  to  pay  atten- 
tion to  delicate  auditory  phenomena  in  general. 

The  organ  may  also  be  used  in  the  investigation 
of  the  theoretical  principles  on  which,  from  a 
psychological    point    of    view,    quartertone    music 

49 


must  be  regarded  as  being  based.  By  "quarter- 
tone  music"  is  meant  music  which  can  not  be 
played  on  our  common  musical  instruments  be- 
cause it  requires  tones  lying  between  the  tones  of 
our  common  scale  of  twelve  notes.  (The  smallest 
interval  of  our  common  scale  is  called  semitone; 
smaller  intervals  may  therefore  conveniently  be 
called  quartertones.)  The  greater  part  of  Japan- 
ese music  seems  to  be  of  this  character.  Such 
music  can  be  played  on  this  organ  in  just  intona- 
tion and  its  aesthetic  effects  may  thus  be  studied 
in  detail. 

Hearing-Model  (Psychological  Laboratory.)  — 
This  apparatus  is  to  illustrate  the  process  of 
hearing.  It  consists  of  three  parts:  1.  A  mov- 
able curve,  representing  the  alternately  increas- 
ing and  decreasing  pressure  of  the  air  which  acts 
upon  the  tympanum  when  we  hear.  2.  An  analyz- 
ing machine,  representing  the  cochlea,  which  dis- 
solves the  just  mentioned  physical  process — if 
complex — into  a  number  of  simpler  partial  pro- 
cesses by  mechanical  means  in  a  manner  similar 
to  the  hydiodynamical  function  of  the  cochlea.  3. 
A  system  of  lamps,  representing  the  brain,  which 
receive  from  the  analyzer  the  resulting  partial 
processes  as  intermittent  electrical  currents  of 
different  frequencies. 

Follow  these  directions:  Move  the  whole  curve 
— from  one  end  to  the  other — through  the  appara- 
tus by  turning  the  small  crank.  Observe  that 
some  of  the  lamps  glow  up  a  greater,  while  others 
a  smaller  number  of  times,  corresponding  to  the 
different  tones  which  we  hear  simultaneously  in 
such  a  case.    The  whole  process  may  be  repeated, 


50 


of  course,  any  number  of  times,  as  we  hear  chords 
for  longer  or  shorter  times. 

The  curve  in  the  apparatus  represents  the  ob- 
jective (physical)  tones  8  and  5;  the  subjective 
(heard)  tones  are  then  usually  8,  5,  3,  2,  and  1. 
The  apparatus  illustrates  thus  the  two  most  im- 
portant functions  of  our  organ  of  hearing:  1.  The 
analysis  of  compound  sound.  2.  The  production  of 
the  subjective  difference  tones. 

Do  not  leave  the  apparatus  without  moving  the 
curve  entirely  to  either  side!  This  position  is  in- 
dicated by  all  the  lamps  ceasing  to  glow. 


ROMANCE  LANGUAGES. 

University  Exhibit,  Palace  of  Education. 

Prof.  Raymond  Weeks. 

Phonetic  Tracings. — Framed  and  hung  on  the 
wall  of  the  exhibit  space  is  a  selection  of  trac- 
ings showing  some  of  the  work  done  in  this  de- 
partment in  the  study  of  Philology  by  means  of 
permanent  records  of  spoken  language. 

Talking  Machine. — On  the  table  is  placed  a  Vic- 
tor talking  machine  with  a  supply  of  plates  for 
graded  lessons  in  Spanish  and  French,  to  indi- 
cate the  method  used  in  the  University  to  teach 
the  pronunciation  of  these  languages. 

Photographs. — In  the  album  of  University  views 
are  photographs  showing  the  Romance  Depart- 
ment library  and  students  using  the  talking  ma- 
chine. 

51 


SOCIOLOGY. 
University  Exhibit,  Palace  of  Education. 
Professor  C.  A.  Ellwood. 

A.  A  series  of  five  Demographical  Maps  of  Mis- 
souri: 

1.  Map  illustrating  the  distribution  of  the  for- 
eign born  population  of  Missouri  by  counties 
(1900). 

2.  Map  illustrating  the  distribution  of  the  Ger- 
man born  element  of  Missouri  by  counties  (1900). 

3.  Map  illustrating  the  distribution  of  the  negro 
population  of  Missouri  by  counties  (1900). 

4.  Map  illustrating  the  distribution  of  the  ex- 
cess of  males  in  the  population  of  Missouri  by 
counties  (1900). 

5.  Map  illustrating  the  distribution  of  illiteracy 
in  Missouri  by  counties  (1900). 

B.  A  series  of  three  maps  illustrating  alms- 
house conditions  in  Missouri  (from  data  collected 
by  the  Department  of  Sociology,  1903). 

1.  Map  showing  the  number  of  counties  caring 
for  their  paupers  by  the  lease  system,  and  the 
number  of  counties  paying  their  almshouse  offi- 
cials fixed  salaries. 

2.  Maps  showing  the  counties  having  insane 
persons  in  their  almshouses. 

3.  Map  showing  the  cost  of  county  almshouses 
in    Missouri. 

C.  Sociological  Map  of  Columbia,  Missouri, 
showing  (1)  distribution  of  population  by  color; 
(2)  by  amount  of  taxable  property;  (3)  location 
of  various  social,  economic,  political,  educational, 
and  religious  institutions  of  the  city. 

52 


D.  A  Study  of  the  Negroes  of  Columbia,  Mis- 
souri (Master's  Dissertation),  by  William  Wilson 
Elwang.  Principal  topics  treated,  economic  con- 
ditions, occupations  and  wages,  fraternal  socie- 
ties, housing  conditions,  health  and  morals,  edu- 
cation, religious  life,  crime,  and  political  condi- 
tion of  the  negro  population  of  Columbia,  Missouri. 

E.  A  Bulletin  on  the  Condition  of  the  Alms- 
houses of  Missouri  by  Charles  A.  Ellwood. 

F.  A  Bulletin  on  the  Condition  of  the  County 
Jails  of  Missouri  by  Charles  A.  Ellwood. 

G.  Other  Publications  of  Members  of  the  De- 
partment. 


UNIVERSITY  PUBLICATIONS. 
University  Exhibit,  Palace  of  Education. 

The  Law  Department  is  represented  by  a  nearly 
complete  set  of  the  publications  of  those  who 
have  been  connected  with  this  department  as 
teachers  or  students.  A  partial  list  of  the  publi- 
cations of  the  members  of  the  present  Faculty  is 
in  the  same  care.  A  fairly  complete  list  of  the 
official  publications  of  the  University,  including 
a  complete  file  of  the  University  catalogue  is  also 
shown. 


VETERINARY    SCIENCE. 

University  Exhibit,  Palace  of  Education. 

Prof.  J.  W.  Connaway. 

There  are  shown. 

1.     Diseases  of  cattle  and  the  method  of  cure, 
particularly   the   cure   of  milk   fever  by   pumping 
sterilized  air  into  the  udder. 
53 


2.  The  cause  and  cure  of  Texas  Fever.  Models 
of  cattle  show  the  native  Texas  steer^  blooded 
cattle  sickening  and  dying  of  this  disease  before 
discovery  of  the  means  of  cure,  and  blooded  cattle 
which,  after  inoculation  by  Dr.  Connaway's  method 
may  now  be  safely  sent  to  Texas. 

3.  Diseases  of  horses  and  their  cure. 

4.  Diseases  of  swine  and  their  cure. 

5.  An  album  of  photographs  illustrative  of  the 
work  at  the  University  in  Veterinary  Science. 


ZOOLOGY. 

University  Exhibit,  Palace  of  Education. 

Prof.  George  Lefevre. 

The  exhibit  of  the  Zoological  Laboratory  is,  in 
the  main,  of  educational  interest,  and  illustrates 
to  a  certain  degree,  the  character  and  extent  of 
the  work  of  instruction  carried  on  in  the  depart- 
ment. 

The  exhibit  may  be  classified  under  three  heads: 

1.  General  Exhibit. — This  is  contained  in  a  case 
which  forms  a  part  of  the  general  exhibit  of  the 
University  displayed  in  the  Educational  Building. 

1.  An  unusually  beautiful  collection  of  marine 
invertebrates  from  the  Atlantic  coast  is  here 
shown,  representing  all  the  groups  of  inverte- 
brates from  the  Sponges  and  Coelenterata,  includ- 
ing such  interesting  forms  as  sea-anemones,  hy- 
droids  and  corals,  to  the  Tunicata  which  stand  on 
the  border-line  between  the  Invertebrates  and  Ver- 
tebrates. Many  of  these  organisms  represent  ma- 
terial used  in  courses  of  instruction  concerned 
with   the   study   of   Comparative   Invertebrate  Zo- 


ology.  Particular  attention  is  directed  to  the  dis- 
sected specimens  showing  anatomical  structure; 
for  example,  the  dissection  of  the  nervous  sys- 
tem of  the  common  Blue-crab.  Most  of  these  dis- 
sections have  been  made  by  students  of  the  Labo- 
ratory. 

2.  The  exhibit  of  Vertebrates  is  chiefly  of  an 
anatomical  and  embryological  nature,  and  many 
dissections  and  preparations  are  displayed  which 
are  of  interest  from  the  point  of  view  of  Compara- 
tive Anatomy  and  Embryology.  The  material  is 
largely  taken  from  courses  of  instruction  in  these 
subjects. 

3.  A  sample  equipment  is  shown  of  microscope, 
microscopical  supplies,  and  small  instruments  fur- 
nished the  individual  student  in  courses  of  in- 
struction given  in  the  Laboratory. 

4.  A  new  method  of  embedding  small  objects 
in  paraffine  by  the  use  of  a  special  form  of  watch- 
glass  is  demonstrated. 

5.  In  the  same  case  are  contained  certain  col- 
lections from  the  Missouri  fauna;  namely,  Rep- 
tiles, Batrachians,  Crayfish,  and  Fresh-water  Mus- 
sels, but  these  will  be  referred  to  under  Exhibit  C. 

6.  Publications  embodying  the  results  of  origi- 
nal work  carried  on  in  the  Zoological  Laboratory. 

II.  Drawings  and  Photographs. — A  collection 
of  drawings  and  photographs  is  to  be  found  with 
the  general  exhibit. 

1.  The  photographs  show  the  main  working 
rooms  of  the  Laboratory,  as  well  as  certain  im- 
portant pieces  of  apparatus  belonging  to  the  equip- 
ment of  the  Department  of  Zoology;  for  example, 
the  microscopic  projection  apparatus  and  one  of 
the  cases  of  embryological  models. 
55 


A  series  of  photographs  taken  in  the  Zoological 
Museum  is  also  presented. 

2.  The  collection  of  students'  drawings  is  the 
most  important  phase  of  the  entire  exhibit  from 
an  educational  point  of  view.  A  series  of  typical 
drawings  made  by  students  is  shown  for  each 
course  of  instruction  given  in  the  department  that 
involves  practical  laboratory  work.  These  draw- 
ings not  only  illustrate  the  character  of  work  done 
by  students,  but  also  indicate  the  extent  of  the 
field  covered  in  the  several  Zoological  courses. 

Missouri    Fish   and   Game    Exhibit,   Palace   of   For- 
estry, Fish,  and  Game. 

III.  Collection  from  the  Missouri  Fauna. — This 
exhibit  comprises  collections  of  Missouri  Mam- 
mals, Birds,  Fishes,  Reptiles,  Batrachians,  and  In- 
vertebrates. The  last  three  groups  are  displayed 
with  the  general  exhibit,  as  already  stated. 

The  Mammals,  Birds,  and  Fishes  are  exhibited 
separately  under  the  Department  of  Fish  and 
Game  of  the  Missouri  Commission,  and  are  to  be 
found  in  the  Building  for  Fish,  Game,  and  For- 
estry. Only  such  forms  as  are  of  interest  to  the 
sportsman  as  game  animals  or  enemies  of  game 
are  contained  in  these  collections.  Attention  is 
especially  directed  to  the  Ducks,  Hawks,  and 
Owls. 


COLUMBIA    Herald    Tuint. 


3  0112  105734765 


